Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Anticancer potential of Allium sativum var. sativum Methanol Peel Extract

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of cervical cancer underscores the urgent need for novel, effective, and affordable therapeutic agents. Among natural products, garlic (Allium sativum) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its rich bioactive profile and diverse pharmacological properties. This study explores the growth inhibitory effects of garlic peel methanol extract (GpMet) on HeLa cells (human cervical cancer cells), focusing on its phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and anticancer potential. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of GpMet revealed the presence of key bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, while saponins, tannins, and phenols were absent. Antioxidant properties were assessed using ABTS and FRAP assays across varying concentrations. The extract exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of ABTS free radicals, with an IC50 value of 975.12 ± 1.02 μg/ml, demonstrating notable free radical scavenging activity. Additionally, the FRAP assay revealed a mean antioxidant capacity of 1.478 ± 0.01 AAE mg/dw, further emphasizing the extract’s potential to neutralize oxidative stress. The anticancer efficacy of GpMet was evaluated using the MTT assay on HeLa cells. Results showed a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability, with an IC50 value of 763 ± 1.0 μg/ml, suggesting strong cytotoxic activity. These findings highlight GpMet’s potential as a natural therapeutic agent. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of garlic peel extract, an agricultural by-product, for cervical cancer treatment. It emphasizes the need for further research to uncover its molecular mechanisms and evaluate its in vivo efficacy, paving the way for sustainable and cost-effective natural cancer therapies.